Portfolio 5

PORTFOLIO 5 Li Lu
Potential Unethical Abuses of Cloning
Cloning in biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. When we mention human cloning, we usually refer to the creation of a genetically identical copy of an existing or previously existing human.
Although the practice of cloning has been widespread for several thousands of years in the form of horticultural cloning, the recent technological advancements that have allowed for cloning of animals (and potentially humans) have been highly controversial. Many people believe it is unethical to fully develop the technology of human cloning due to the following two reasons.
Firstly, the procedure of asexual reproduction will totally destroy people’s concept of generation. Cloning breaks down the conventional pattern of procreation and change the traditional thought that females can only give birth to children after sexual intercourse with males. In this way, it can topple down people’s knowledge of moral principles and change our worldview. Once the sexual reproduction is expanded to asexual reproduction, it has a deep influence on every one and may lead to the disappearance of many fundamental relationships in the society such as husband and wife, or father and son. As a consequence, it results in a negation of humanity.
Secondly, human cloning does harm to people’s dignity. “Coping People” may be of great significance in the science and technological field, but it brings along a very important problem----it challenges human dignity. Human beings are produced in a lab just as common goods storing in a container, and the production----the so-called “cloning people” are not real humans, but an automatic machine with a human shape. Every life is unique and each of us has different personalities, which is totally exploited while cloning.
The two reasons above are the potential unethical abuses of human cloning. In my opinion, the best way to minimize these abuses is the prohibition of human cloning. After all, although it is technologically possible, it may not get a good result in the society. However, we can still benefit a lot from this advanced technology. For example, we can clone more food so that people can get rid of starvation. What is more, if we can manage this procedure well, we will be able to reconstruct functional DNA from extinct species and consequently, the diversity of the nature will recover, which has been a dream of human beings for decades.

Portolio 6

Article:
Converting Sunlight To Cheaper Energy
ScienceDaily (Aug. 25, 2008) — Scientists are working to convert sunlight to cheap electricity at South Dakota State University. Research scientists are working with new materials that can make devices used for converting sunlight to electricity cheaper and more efficient.

Assistant professor Qiquan Qiao in SDSU’s Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science said so-called organic photovoltaics, or OPVs, are less expensive to produce than traditional devices for harvesting solar energy.
Qiao and his SDSU colleagues also are working on organic light-emitting diodes, or OLEDs.
The new technology is sometimes referred to as “molecular electronics” or “organic electronics” — organic because it relies on carbon-based polymers and molecules as semiconductors rather than inorganic semiconductors such as silicon.
“Right now the challenge for photovoltaics is to make the technology less expensive,” Qiao said.
“Therefore, the objective is find new materials and novel device structures for cost-effective photovoltaic devices.
“The beauty of organic photovoltaics and organic LEDs is low cost and flexibility,” the researcher continued. “These devices can be fabricated by inexpensive, solution-based processing techniques similar to painting or printing."
“The ease of production brings costs down, while the mechanical flexibility of the materials opens up a wide range of applications,” Qiao concluded.
Organic photovoltaics and organic LEDs are made up of thin films of semiconducting organic compounds that can absorb photons of solar energy. Typically an organic polymer, or a long, flexible chain of carbon-based material, is used as a substrate on which semiconducting materials are applied as a solution using a technique similar to inkjet printing.
“The research at SDSU is focused on new materials with variable band gaps,” Qiao said.
“The band gap determines how much solar energy the photovoltaic device can absorb and convert into electricity.”
Qiao explained that visible sunlight contains only about 50 percent of the total solar energy. That means the sun is giving off just as much non-visible energy as visible energy.
“We’re working on synthesizing novel polymers with variable band gaps, including high, medium and low-band gap varieties, to absorb the full spectrum of sunlight. By this we can double the light harvesting or absorption,” Qiao said.
SDSU’s scientists plan to use the variable band gap polymers to build multi-junction polymer solar cells or photovoltaics.
These devices use multiple layers of polymer/fullerene films that are tuned to absorb different spectral regions of solar energy.
Ideally, photons that are not absorbed by the first film layer pass through to be absorbed by the following layers.
The devices can harvest photons from ultraviolet to visible to infrared in order to efficiently convert the full spectrum of solar energy to electricity.
SDSU scientists also work with organic light-emitting diodes focusing on developing novel materials and devices for full color displays.
“We are working to develop these new light-emitting and efficient, charge-transporting materials to improve the light-emitting efficiency of full color displays,” Qiao said.
Currently, LED technology is used mainly for signage displays. But in the future, as OLEDs become less expensive and more efficient, they may be used for residential lighting, for example.
The new technology will make it easy to insert lights into walls or ceilings. But instead of light bulbs, the lighting apparatus of the future may look more like a poster, Qiao said.
Qiao and his colleagues are funded in part by SDSU’s electrical engineering Ph.D. program and by National Science Foundation and South Dakota EPSCoR, the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research.
In addition Qiao is one of about 40 faculty members from SDSU, the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology and the University of South Dakota who have come together to form Photo Active Nanoscale Systems (PANS).
The primary purpose is developing photovoltaics, or devices that will directly convert light to electricity.

summary:
Scientists are working on organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) to convert sunlight to cheaper energy. These technologies, consisting of thin films of carbon-based polymers and molecules as semiconductors instead of traditional inorganic semiconductors, are cheaper to produce and have larger potentials due to their mechanical flexibility. However, to fully absorb the photons of solar energy, scientists have to overcome many challenges. First of all, in the process of OPVs, they have to focus on new materials with variable band gaps currently. According to one expert, Qiquan Qiao in this group, visible sunlight which we are now using contains only about 50 percent of the solar energy. So in order to capture the entire spectrum of sunlight, some scientists suggest using multiple layers of polymer films. They conceive photons that are not absorbed by the first film layer pass through to be absorbed by the following layers and in this way can all the spectrum of sunlight from ultraviolet to visible to infrared be converted in electricity. As to OLEDs, scientists need new materials to improve the light-emitting efficiency of full color displays. They are trying to expand the LED technology to residential lighting from the current signage displays. In the future, this new technology will be able to insert lights into walls or ceilings, making lighting apparatus look like a poster rather than light bulbs we use today. With the rapid development of technology, we can get more benefits from these environmentally friendly energy resources so that we will no longer have environmental problems and at the same time, the lack of fossil fuels will be solved as well. After reading this article, I feel very excited because from here we can see that the naissance of every new technology must rely on the development of materials. So as a student majoring in material science and technology, we can certainly make a difference in the future!

Reference:
Science Daily. (August 25, 2008, n.d.). Converting sunlight to cheaper energy. Retrieved September 20, 2008, from
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080821212854.html